Hamenyekanye impamvu u Rwanda rwisanze rufite lisansi yanduye rutabizi.

 

Nuramuka uganiriye n’abantu batunze imodoka, ntuzabura umwe ukubwira ko yaguze imodoka i Burayi yayigeza mu Rwanda, akajya kunywesha, nyuma yaho yarangiza akabona ihise itangira kumuha ikimenyetso cy’uko hari ikibazo ifite muri moteri, agatara ka “Check Engine” kagahita kaka. Nta bundi burwayi, ariko bumwe ni uko iyo modoka iba ishyizwemo lisansi itajyanye na moteri yayo. 

Ibi bifite ikintu kinini bivuze no ku modoka nshya zinjira mu Rwanda kuko hari izidashobora kuhagera kubera imiterere yazo. Reka dufate urugero rworoshye nko kuri Teramont za VW, izo mu bwoko bwa Comfortline na Highline ntabwo zabasha kurokoka zishyizwemo lisansi yo mu Rwanda. Ni cyo kimwe na Tiguan Life na Elegance zifite moteri ya KW 110 n’izindi. 

Muri Afurika, hamwe mu hantu hari isoko rinini ry’imodoka ni muri Nigeria, ariko lisansi ibayo ni ikigeragezo kuko bituma imodoka yose itumijwe mu mahanga iyo igeze ku cyambu ibanza guhindurwamo ibyuma bimwe na bimwe muri moteri kugira ngo izabashe gukoresha iri ku isoko. 

Kugira ngo ubyumve neza, fata iyo lisansi nk’aho ari nk’indyo igaburirwa umwana bitewe n’ubushobozi bw’igifu cye. Ntabwo uruhinja barutamika ikijumba cyangwa se imyumbati n’ibigori, ahubwo baruha ibyoroshye rushobora kumira n’igifu gishobora kwakira. 

Lisansi ikoreshwa iri ku bipimo mpuzamahanga byemejwe. Ibyo bipimo bigenwa hashingiwe ku buryo iyo lisansi itunganyijwe. Kugira ngo ubyumve neza, bigereranye na kumwe ukoresha akayungiro (akayunguruzo) gafite imyenge itandukanye ushaka ifu iteye mu buryo runaka, hari ako wageranya na nimero ya mbere kazaguha imwe inoze cyane, agakurikiyeho kaguhe iyingayinga iya mbere kugeza ku kazaguha imwe bita ibiheri. 

No kuri lisansi naho ni uko, itunganyijwe neza umuntu yagereranya n’iyo yayunguruwe na nimero ya mbere, ni yo ijya i Burayi n’ahandi mu bihugu byateye imbere. Yo ntiyangiza, ntisohora imyuka myinshi ihumanya n’ibindi. 

Ibipimo bya lisansi bigenwa n’amahame y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe w’u Burayi yo kurwanya ihumanywa ry’ikirere. Biri mu byiciro birimo Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 na Euro 6. Iyo bandika ibi bipimo cyangwa se ubwoko bwa lisansi ikoreshwa mu modoka runaka, ntabwo bandika Euro 6 ahubwo barabihina bikaba EU6. Kugira ngo imodoka igenerwe lisansi igomba kujyamo, bigendana n’ubushobozi bwa moteri yayo, ibyo izajya yikorera n’ibindi. Ibyo bipimo bitandukanira ariko ku binyabutabire biba biri muri ya lisansi mu gihe bayiyungurura, kuko hari ingano iba idakwiriye kuburamo. 

Magingo aya, mu bihugu 54 bya Afurika, 41 nibyo bifite amabwiriza ngenderwaho ajyanye no kurwanya ihumanya ry’ikirere. Kuri uyu mugabane, habarurwa imodoka miliyoni 26, gusa muri izo zose, ikigereranyo ni uko zimaze imyaka iri hagati ya 10 na 15 zikozwe. 

Ikindi kandi, inyinshi muri zo, nta buziranenge ku bijyanye n’imikorere ya za moteri yazo no kwangiza ikirere ziba ziheruka gukorerwa. Ibyo bitera ibibazo kuko uburwayi bwo mu myanya y’ubuhumekero bwiyongera bitewe na monoxyde de carbone irekurwa n’izo modoka. Ikindi ni uko n’imvura igwa iba yiganjemo Dioxyde de soufre na oxydes d’azote. 

Impinduka zifuzwa ni uko lisansi ikoreshwa hirya no hino ku Isi, yava ku gipimo EU2 ikagera kuri EU6. Ibyo bivuze ko monoxyde de carbone izaba igabanyutse ku kigero cya 54%, oxydes d’azote ku kigero cya 74%, Dioxyde de soufre yabonekaga muri lisansi igabanuke ku kigero cya 98% kandi noneho iyo lisansi igire uburambe ku kigero cya 100%. 

Gukoresha lisansi ya E6, bizatuma ibinyabiziga bibasha gukoresha lisansi nke ku kigero cya 38% bw’iyo bikoresha ubu. 

Mu gihe lisansi igezweho, iri ku bipimo bya EU6, mu 2025 i Burayi hari gahunda yo gushyira ku isoko indi lisansi idahumanya iri ku kigero cya EU7 aho izamurikwa ku itariki ya 1 Nyakanga 2025. 

Reka turebe mu Rwanda uko byifashe. Magingo aya, mu minsi ishize byavuzwe ko lisansi iri mu gihugu ari iya EU4 ariko Volkswagen yaje gukora igenzura ku modoka zayo yashakaga kwinjiza mu gihugu, isanga zose zigira ibibazo bya piston za moteri bituma ikura ku isoko ry’u Rwanda izo mu bwoko bwa Teramont. 

EU4 yamuritswe muri Mutarama 2005 itangira gukoreshwa ku modoka zose nshya muri Mutarama 2006. Ituma imyuka ihumanya ikirere igabanuka, aho ibipimo bigaragaza ko kuri kilometero imwe, imodoka ikoresha EU4 yohereza mu kirere garama imwe ya Monoxyde de carbone, mu gihe umwuka wa hydrocarbure wo uba ungana na 0,10g kuri kilometero naho Oxydes d’azote ikohereza 0.08g kuri kilometero. 

Ugereranyije na EU3, yo yohereza mu kirere Oxydes d’azote ingana na 2,0g/km naho Monoxyde de carbone ni 2,3 g/km byumvikane neza ko yo ihumanya cyane kurusha. Ibi bipimo bigenda bitandukana ku modoka ikoresha lisansi na mazutu. 

Byagenze gute ngo u Rwanda rutungurwe no kwisanga rudafite EU4? 

Mu Rwanda hakoreshwa lisansi ingana na litiro miliyoni 11 ku kwezi mu gihe mazutu yo iba ingana na litiro miliyoni 26 ku kwezi. Ingano nini yinjira mu gihugu muri iki gihe, ituruka muri Tanzania, mu gihe inke cyane ariyo ituruka muri Kenya. 

Amakuru ducyesha IGIHE ni uko mu 2021, akarere ka Afurika y’Iburasirazuba kafashe umwanzuro w’uko ibihugu byose bitangira gukoresha EU4. Icyo gihe u Rwanda narwo rwatangiye kugendera mu murongo umwe n’ibindi bihugu, by’uko rukoresha EU4. 

Rwaje gutungurwa no kumva VW isobanura ko yakoze isuzuma kuri lisansi yo mu Rwanda igasanga ari EU3 aho kuba EU4. Ni nyuma y’ibizamini byakorewe muri laboratoire muri Afurika y’Epfo. 

Bivugwa ko hahise hatangira iperereza, inzego zibishinzwe zitangira kubaza aho lisansi ituruka ni ukuvuga muri Tanzania no muri Kenya, ariko aho hose bagasubiza ko lisansi ibyo bihugu bifite ari iya EU4. 

Mu gihe Tanzania na Kenya byavugaga ibi, VW yo isobanura ko mu bihugu byo mu karere bifite EU4, ari Kenya gusa, bivuze ko Tanzania igikoresha EU3, bivuze ko ikibazo kiri kuri Tanzania ari naho haturuka lisansi nyinshi yinjira mu gihugu. 

Kimwe mu bituma Tanzania ariyo iturukamo lisansi nyinshi iza mu Rwanda, ni uko abacuruzi bajya kuyirangura, bemererwa kwishyura mu byiciro, bitandukanye no muri Kenya aho urangura agomba kujya ku isoko afite amafaranga ku buryo yishyura ako kanya. 

Hari amakuru avuga ko u Rwanda rwagowe n’uko rudafite laboratoire ibasha gupima birambuye lisansi ku buryo birworohera kujya rupima iyinjiye mu gihugu, ariko ubu hari gahunda yo kuyagura ndetse n’amafaranga yatangiye gukusanywa mu ngengo y’imari. 

Ni iki gishoboka mu gukemura iki kibazo? 

U Rwanda ruherutse gukuraho imisoro ku modoka zihenze zitumizwa mu mahanga hagamijwe gukurura ba mukerarugendo bo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Izi modoka inyinshi ziba zifite ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rituma zikoresha lisansi itanduye. 

Byonyine mu 2020, mu gihugu hinjiye imodoka 10 zifite agaciro ka miliyari 1,6 Frw. Iyari ihenze kurusha izindi yari Bentley Bentayga ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 256 Frw. Nta muntu n’umwe wakwifuza kugura imodoka nk’iyo ngo nirangize yangirike mu munota umwe. 

Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe nka Mozambique, Volkswagen yasabye abafite imodoka zayo zikenera EU4 kujya bajya kunyweshereza kuri station runaka, kuko izindi lisansi zazo itameze neza. 

Ibintu nk’ibi nabyo bishobora gukorwa mu gihugu, ku buryo nka sosiyete zirangura lisansi, zishobora gusabwa gushyiraho station zihariye zitanga iya EU4. Icyo gihe ariko ibiciro ntibyaba bimeze nk’ibisanzwe. 

Hari amakuru avuga ko hari umushoramari wifuza kuba yashyira station itanga ubwo bwoko [EU4], ikajya i Nyarutarama ariko ngo ibyo yabikora ari uko amaze kumenyeshwa ko hari isoko rinini rikeneye iyi lisansi. 

Ibi ariko nabyo byajyana no kubaka ibigega byihariye bizajya bibikwamo iyo lisansi kuko itajya ivangwa n’indi.